Author: Karl

An IoT solution is only as reliable as the network keeping it connected. Choosing the right connectivity can be the difference between a smooth deployment and one plagued by downtime, poor coverage, and rising operational costs.

The challenge is that there isn’t a single “best” connectivity option. Every IoT deployment has different requirements, from battery life and data usage to mobility and geographic reach. This guide explores the most common IoT connectivity technologies, explains where each performs best, and helps you determine which approach is right for your deployment.

Why Your Connectivity Choice Matters

As IoT deployments grow, so does the complexity of keeping devices reliably connected.

Many devices operate in challenging environments:

• Remote infrastructure
• Busy urban centres
• Industrial facilities
• Cross-border logistics routes
• Rural energy networks

Choosing the wrong connectivity strategy can lead to:

• Coverage gaps and data loss
• Shorter battery life
• Higher operating costs
• Device downtime
• Regulatory and roaming challenges
• Difficulties scaling into new markets

Selecting the right connectivity from the start helps ensure your deployment remains reliable, secure, and scalable as it grows.

The Five Main Types of IoT Connectivity

No connectivity technology is designed for every use case. Each has strengths, limitations, and ideal applications.

1. Cellular IoT (3G, 4G & 5G)

Traditional cellular networks remain one of the most widely used options for IoT because of their extensive coverage and mature infrastructure.

Best suited for:

• Fleet management
• Connected vehicles
• Logistics and supply chain monitoring
• High-bandwidth IoT applications

Advantages

• Extensive global coverage
• High reliability
• Fast data transmission
• Well-established infrastructure

Considerations

• Higher power consumption
• Potential roaming restrictions between countries
• Can become costly at large scale without optimisation

2. LTE-M (LTE Cat-M1)

LTE-M was developed specifically for IoT devices that require mobility while consuming significantly less power than traditional cellular connections.

Best suited for:

• Wearable technology
• Asset tracking
• Mobile sensors
• Smart metering

Advantages

• Excellent battery life
• Supports movement between networks
• Strong coverage
• Good balance of power efficiency and performance

Considerations

• Availability varies by country
• Lower bandwidth than standard LTE

3. NB-IoT (Narrowband IoT)

NB-IoT is designed for devices that transmit small amounts of data and remain in fixed locations for long periods.

Best suited for:

• Water and gas meters
• Smart utility infrastructure
• Environmental monitoring
• Fixed industrial sensors

Advantages

• Extremely low power consumption
• Long battery life
• Excellent indoor penetration
• Cost-effective for large deployments

Considerations

• Limited mobility support
• Low data throughput
• Not suitable for real-time applications

4. eSIM Connectivity

Unlike the technologies above, eSIM is not a network type, it’s a way of managing connectivity.

An eSIM allows network profiles to be remotely downloaded and updated without physically replacing a SIM card.

This provides far greater flexibility for organisations deploying devices across multiple regions.

Best suited for:

• International IoT deployments
• Cross-border logistics
• Connected products shipped globally
• Large enterprise device fleets

Advantages

• Remote provisioning
• No physical SIM replacement
• Simplified global deployments
• Lower operational overhead

Considerations

• Requires compatible devices
• Needs support from connectivity providers and mobile operators

5. Multi-Network Connectivity

For many global deployments, relying on a single mobile operator introduces unnecessary risk.

Multi-network connectivity enables devices to switch between available operators based on coverage, availability, or performance. When combined with eSIM technology, it creates a highly resilient connectivity strategy.

Best suited for:

• International logistics
• Cold-chain monitoring
• High-value asset tracking
• Mission-critical industrial IoT

Advantages

• Greater resilience
• Improved uptime
• Better international coverage
• Reduced connectivity gaps

Considerations

• Requires intelligent connectivity management
• More sophisticated backend infrastructure

Quick Comparison

Connectivity	Coverage	Battery Life	Mobility	Best For
Cellular (4G/5G)	Excellent	Moderate	Excellent	Fleet management, connected vehicles
LTE-M	Excellent	High	Excellent	Asset tracking, wearables
NB-IoT	Good	Very High	Limited	Smart utilities, fixed sensors
eSIM	Depends on network	Varies	Excellent	Global deployments
Multi-Network	Excellent	Varies	Excellent	Mission-critical IoT

How to Choose the Right Connectivity

When evaluating connectivity options, start by asking five key questions.

Is the device fixed or mobile?

Stationary devices often benefit from NB-IoT, while mobile assets generally require LTE-M or traditional cellular connectivity.

How much data will it transmit?

Low-frequency sensor readings require very little bandwidth, whereas video, diagnostics, or frequent updates demand faster cellular technologies.

How important is battery life?

For battery-powered devices expected to operate for years without maintenance, low-power technologies such as LTE-M and NB-IoT are usually the strongest choice.

Where will the devices operate?

A deployment confined to one country has different requirements from one crossing multiple borders. Global projects often benefit from eSIM technology combined with multi-network connectivity.

How critical is uptime?

If losing connectivity isn’t an option, resilience becomes essential. Multi-network strategies provide automatic failover and significantly reduce the risk of coverage interruptions.

Real-World Example

Imagine a pharmaceutical company monitoring temperature-sensitive medicines across Europe.

A traditional single-carrier SIM may work well in one country but lose coverage when shipments cross borders.

By combining eSIM technology with multi-network connectivity, devices can automatically connect to the strongest available operator, maintaining uninterrupted monitoring throughout the journey.

For industries where compliance and product quality depend on continuous visibility, this level of resilience is invaluable.

The Future of IoT Connectivity

The next generation of IoT is moving beyond fixed carrier relationships.

Increasingly, organisations are adopting software-defined connectivity, where devices can dynamically switch networks, remotely update SIM profiles, and adapt to changing conditions without manual intervention.

This shift enables:

• Smarter network selection
• Improved resilience
• Automated provisioning
• Greater operational flexibility
• Simpler global scaling

As enterprises deploy millions of connected devices across multiple markets, intelligent connectivity management is becoming a competitive advantage rather than simply a technical requirement.

How Anvil Mobile Supports Global IoT Deployments

Managing connectivity across thousands, or even millions, of devices quickly becomes complex.

Different carriers, regional regulations, roaming agreements, and device lifecycle management all add operational overhead.

At Anvil Mobile, we help organisations simplify that complexity by delivering:

• Multi-network IoT connectivity
• eSIM-enabled remote provisioning
• Global SIM lifecycle management
• Reliable connectivity for logistics and industrial IoT
• Scalable infrastructure designed for enterprise deployments

Our focus is to remove the operational burden of connectivity management, allowing businesses to concentrate on innovation, automation, and growth.

What is an eSIM?

In the IoT industry, “eSIM” has become an umbrella term that gets tossed around to describe several fundamentally different technologies. Buyers often use eSIM interchangeably with eUICC, Soft SIM, MFF2 , iSIM, or Multi-IMSI SIMs, which rotate through pre-programmed carrier profiles via onboard software rather than downloading new ones over the air.

An eSIM is a programmable SIM that allows network profiles to be downloaded, updated and managed remotely. An eSIM can securely store multiple profiles and switch between them without the need to physically replace the SIM.

How does an eSIM work?

An eSIM contains a secure chip, which can store one or more operator profiles. Each profile contains the credentials required to authenticate with a mobile network, including the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and security keys.

When a device is activated, a profile is downloaded securely onto the eSIM. If connectivity requirements change, a different profile can be installed remotely without replacing the hardware. This process is known as Remote SIM Provisioning (RSP).

eSIM versus a traditional SIM

Although both technologies perform the same core function,the way they are managed is fundamentally different.

With a traditional SIM card:

• The network profile is fixed when the SIM is issued.
• Changing network provider usually requires a replacement SIM.
• Managing international deployments often involves maintaining multiple SIM inventories.
• Physical access to the device is required if the SIM needs replacing.

With an eSIM:

• Profiles can be downloaded remotely.
• Network operators can be changed without replacing the SIM.
• Devices can be managed from a central platform.
• Connectivity can evolve alongside business requirements.

Why businesses will adopt eSIM technology?

Devices may move between countries, regulations may change, or organisations may wish to change connectivity providers as commercial requirements evolve. An eSIM provides the flexibility to respond without replacing hardware already installed in the field.

Some of the key business benefits include:

Simplified deployment

Devices can be manufactured, shipped and installed without knowing which network profile will ultimately be required. The appropriate profile can be downloaded when the device is commissioned.

Improved resilience

Many eSIM solutions support multiple operator profiles, allowing organisations to move between networks where necessary to maintain connectivity.

This is particularly valuable for critical infrastructure, remote assets and business continuity applications.

Reduced operational costs

Removing the need for physical SIM replacement reduces engineering visits, logistics costs and deployment delays.

For organisations managing thousands of devices, these savings can be substantial over the lifetime of an IoT project.

Greater commercial flexibility

Changing connectivity provider has traditionally involved replacing SIM cards across an entire device estate.

With eSIM technology, organisations have greater freedom to adapt as pricing, coverage or operational requirements change.

eSIMs and global IoT deployments

One of the biggest challenges facing international IoT deployments is maintaining reliable connectivity while complying with local regulations. Some countries restrict permanent roaming, requiring devices to use locally issued network identities rather than roaming indefinitely on foreign networks.

An eSIM helps address this challenge by allowing devices to download local operator profiles where required. Instead of relying on a single roaming agreement, businesses can deploy local connectivity that improves performance, supports regulatory compliance and often reduces data costs.

For organisations operating across multiple territories, this creates a far more scalable connectivity strategy.

Are eSIMs replacing physical SIM cards?

Not entirely.

Many industrial routers, gateways and IoT devices continue to include a physical SIM slot, giving organisations the flexibility to install either a traditional SIM or an eSIM-enabled card.

Some manufacturers, including providers of industrial networking equipment, also incorporate an embedded eSIM alongside a physical SIM slot. This allows organisations to benefit from remote provisioning while retaining the option to use a physical SIM where required.

As the industry moves towards GSMA’s SGP.32 standard for IoT Remote SIM Provisioning, embedded eSIM technology is expected to become increasingly common across enterprise devices.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does eSIM stand for?

eSIM stands for embedded SIM. It is a programmable SIM that supports remote management of mobile network profiles.

Can an eSIM use more than one network?

Yes. An eSIM can securely store multiple network profiles, although only one is typically active at any given time. Profiles can be switched remotely when required.

Is an eSIM the same as eUICC?

Not exactly. The eUICC is the secure hardware that enables remote profile management, while the eSIM is the overall technology that uses the eUICC to store and manage operator profiles.

Are eSIMs suitable for IoT devices?

Yes. eSIMs are particularly well suited to IoT deployments where devices are installed remotely or across multiple countries, making physical SIM replacement impractical.

At the heart of eSIM technology is the eSIM profile, a secure digital package that contains everything a device needs to connect to a mobile network. Understanding how eSIM profiles work is essential for businesses looking to deploy scalable IoT solutions.

What is an eSIM profile?

An eSIM profile is a digital set of network credentials that allows a device to authenticate and connect to a mobile network.

Instead of having a physical SIM card containing fixed information, an eSIM stores one or more downloadable profiles that can be remotely installed, activated or removed.

A profile typically contains:

• Network operator information
• IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity)
• Authentication credentials
• Security keys
• Network access parameters
• Subscription information

Once installed, the profile behaves in the same way as a traditional SIM, allowing the device to connect securely to the mobile network. The difference is that the profile can be managed remotely.

How does an eSIM profile work?

A traditional SIM card is manufactured with a network identity already assigned. For example, when a company orders a SIM from a mobile operator, that SIM is already linked to a specific network profile.

An eSIM separates the physical hardware from the network subscription. The eSIM hardware remains in the device, while the network profile can be downloaded when required.

The process generally works as follows:

• A device is manufactured with an eSIM or eUICC.
• A connectivity provider prepares a network profile.
• The profile is securely stored on an SM-DP+ platform.
• The device requests the profile.
• The profile is downloaded and installed.
• The device connects using the new network identity.

This allows organisations to deploy devices without needing to decide every connectivity requirement at the point of manufacture.

What information is contained within an eSIM profile?

An eSIM profile contains the information required for a mobile network to identify and authenticate a device.

Some of the key elements include:

IMSI

The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is one of the most important components of a mobile network profile. The IMSI identifies the subscriber on the network and determines how the device is authenticated.

When a company changes network profile, it is effectively changing the IMSI associated with that device. For example: A device operating in Europe may initially use a global roaming IMSI. Later, the business may decide to use a local network profile with a local IMSI to meet regulatory requirements.

The physical device remains the same, the network identity changes.

Authentication credentials

Profiles contain secure credentials that allow the network to verify the device. These credentials ensure that only authorised devices can access the mobile network.

Security is a critical part of eSIM technology, particularly for enterprise IoT deployments where devices may operate unattended for many years.

Operator settings

An eSIM profile may also include information required to configure network access, including:

• APN settings
• Network preferences
• Subscription information
• Service restrictions

These settings allow the device to connect correctly without manual configuration.

Why are eSIM profiles important for IoT?

The biggest advantage of eSIM profiles is flexibility. IoT deployments often have long operational lifecycles. A connected device installed today may still be operating a decade later. During that time, organisations may need to:

• Change connectivity providers.
• Improve coverage.
• Meet new regulatory requirements.
• Deploy into new countries.
• Reduce operational costs.

With a traditional SIM, these changes may require replacing hardware.

With an eSIM profile, they can often be completed remotely.

Using multiple eSIM profiles

One of the key benefits of eSIM technology is the ability to store multiple profiles on a single eSIM.

This gives organisations additional flexibility.

For example, a connected vehicle travelling internationally may require:

• A European connectivity profile.
• A North American connectivity profile.
• A local profile for regulatory compliance.
• A backup connectivity profile.

The device can switch between profiles depending on operational requirements.

This capability is particularly valuable for:

• Automotive manufacturers.
• Logistics companies.
• Global IoT providers.
• Industrial organisations.

Active and inactive profiles

Although multiple profiles can be stored, typically only one profile is active at a time. A device may have several available profiles, but the eSIM management platform determines which profile should be enabled.

For example: A fleet management company may have a global connectivity profile active during normal operation. If a vehicle enters a country where local connectivity is required, the platform can instruct the eSIM to activate the appropriate local profile.

eSIM profiles and global IoT connectivity

One of the major challenges for international IoT deployments is balancing global coverage with local compliance. Many businesses initially rely on roaming solutions because they are simple to deploy.

However, some countries have introduced restrictions around permanent roaming, requiring devices to use local network identities.

eSIM profiles provide a solution. Instead of permanently roaming, organisations can download local operator profiles when required.

This allows businesses to:

• Improve network performance.
• Meet local regulations.
• Reduce connectivity costs.
• Maintain control over their device estate.

How are eSIM profiles managed?

eSIM profile management is handled through Remote SIM Provisioning platforms.

The main components include:

SM-DP+

The SM-DP+ securely stores and prepares operator profiles before delivery to the device.

eIM

The eIM manages profile actions and communicates instructions to devices.

IPAe

The IPAe enables the device to communicate with the management platform and complete profile operations.

Together, these components allow organisations to manage connectivity remotely at scale.

The importance of choosing the right eSIM strategy

Not all eSIM solutions provide the same level of flexibility.

Businesses should consider:

• Who controls the profiles?
• Can profiles be moved between providers?
• Are multiple networks supported?
• Is the solution suitable for global deployment?
• How are profiles managed throughout the device lifecycle?

For enterprise IoT, ownership and control of connectivity management are becoming increasingly important.

The right eSIM architecture can prevent vendor lock-in and provide long-term flexibility.

The future of eSIM profiles

eSIM technology is moving connectivity away from fixed subscriptions towards dynamic, remotely managed services. As standards such as SGP.32 continue to develop, eSIM profiles will become even more important for organisations managing global IoT deployments.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is an eSIM profile the same as an eSIM?

No. An eSIM is the secure hardware component that stores profiles. An eSIM profile is the digital network subscription installed onto that hardware.

Can an eSIM have multiple profiles?

Yes. An eSIM can store multiple operator profiles, although usually only one profile is active at any given time.

Can an eSIM profile be changed remotely?

Yes. Through Remote SIM Provisioning, profiles can be downloaded, updated, activated or removed remotely.

What is an IMSI in an eSIM profile?

An IMSI is the unique subscriber identity used by mobile networks to authenticate a device.

What is SGP.32?

SGP.32 is the GSMA’s specification for IoT Remote SIM Provisioning (RSP).

It defines how eSIM-enabled IoT devices securely download, activate and manage mobile network profiles without requiring physical access to the SIM card.

The standard introduces a simpler, more scalable architecture that reflects the needs of modern IoT deployments, where devices may remain in the field for many years and operate across multiple countries.

Rather than relying on manual SIM replacements or complex provisioning processes, organisations can remotely manage connectivity throughout the device lifecycle. Unlike previous eSIM standards, SGP.32 has been built around the practical requirements of enterprise IoT, making it easier to deploy, manage and switch network profiles throughout the lifetime of a device.

Why was SGP.32 developed?

Earlier eSIM specifications were developed for different markets.

SGP.02 focused primarily on Machine-to-Machine (M2M) deployments, where connectivity management often required significant integration work between mobile operators and SIM management platforms.

While effective for large-scale projects, it introduced complexity that could create barriers for organisations wanting greater flexibility.

SGP.22 was developed for consumer devices such as smartphones, tablets and smartwatches. It simplified profile downloads for consumers but wasn’t designed around the operational requirements of enterprise IoT.

SGP.32 bridges this gap.

It combines the flexibility expected from consumer eSIM technology with the scalability and lifecycle management required for industrial IoT, connected vehicles, utilities and enterprise deployments.

How does SGP.32 work?

At the centre of SGP.32 is the concept of remote profile management.

Instead of permanently assigning a device to a single mobile network, the eSIM securely stores operator profiles that can be activated, replaced or removed remotely.

When instructed, the device connects to a Remote SIM Provisioning platform and securely downloads a new network profile.

The process typically involves:

• The device checking for available management tasks.
• Authentication with the remote management platform.
• Secure download of a new operator profile.
• Installation and activation of the new IMSI.
• Confirmation that the new profile is operational.

The entire process can be completed without removing the SIM or physically accessing the device.

What role does the IPAe play?

One of the key components introduced within the SGP.32 architecture is the IoT Profile Assistant (IPAe).

The IPAe is software located either on the device itself or within the SIM environment. Its role is to communicate securely with the Remote SIM Provisioning platform and determine whether any actions need to be carried out.

These actions might include:

• Downloading a new network profile
• Switching to another operator
• Updating connectivity settings
• Activating a local IMSI

The device regularly checks in with the management platform, allowing profile changes to be completed automatically whenever required. This continuous communication enables operators to manage large fleets of connected devices without manual intervention.

How is SGP.32 different from SGP.22?

Although both standards support eSIM technology, they serve very different purposes.

SGP.22 was designed primarily for consumer devices, where an individual user scans a QR code or enters an activation code to download a mobile subscription. The process works well for smartphones but becomes impractical when managing thousands of unattended IoT devices.

SGP.32 removes much of this complexity by enabling automated lifecycle management that can be controlled centrally.

For enterprise organisations, this means:

• Simpler provisioning
• Greater automation
• Improved scalability
• Reduced operational costs
• Better support for long-term IoT deployments

Rather than treating every device as an individual mobile subscription, SGP.32 treats connectivity as part of a centrally managed IoT estate.

Why does SGP.32 matter for enterprise IoT?

IoT projects rarely remain static and if they are they are in remote locations. Devices move between locations, regulations change, mobile network performance varies and commercial agreements evolve over time. SGP.32 provides organisations with the flexibility to adapt without replacing hardware already deployed in the field.

Some of the biggest benefits include:

Greater network flexibility

Businesses can change operator profiles remotely as commercial or technical requirements change.

Improved business continuity

Alternative network profiles can be activated if primary connectivity becomes unavailable, helping maintain service availability for critical applications.

Simplified global deployments

Organisations can deploy devices internationally and activate local profiles where required, supporting both performance and regulatory compliance.

Reduced engineering costs

Remote provisioning removes the need for physical SIM replacements, reducing maintenance visits and improving operational efficiency.

What does SGP.32 mean for connectivity providers?

For connectivity providers, MVNOs and IoT resellers, SGP.32 represents an important shift in how connectivity services are delivered. Rather than being tied to a single SIM management ecosystem, organisations can build more flexible service offerings that better meet customer requirements.

It also enables providers to support multiple operator profiles and offer customers greater choice throughout the lifetime of a deployment. This flexibility is becoming increasingly important as organisations seek to avoid vendor lock-in and maintain greater control over their connectivity strategy.

Is SGP.32 replacing previous standards?

Not immediately. SGP.02 and SGP.22 will continue to be supported for many years, particularly where existing deployments already use these standards.

However, for new enterprise IoT projects, SGP.32 is expected to become the preferred specification as manufacturers, connectivity providers and platform vendors continue adopting the new architecture. Many network operators are already preparing their infrastructure to support SGP.32 alongside existing provisioning platforms.

Looking ahead

The evolution of eSIM technology is about much more than replacing physical SIM cards.

It is about giving organisations greater control over connectivity throughout the lifecycle of an IoT deployment. SGP.32 represents the next step in that journey, enabling businesses to deploy devices faster, manage connectivity more efficiently and adapt to changing commercial and regulatory requirements without replacing hardware.

As enterprise IoT continues to expand, standards such as SGP.32 will play an increasingly important role in delivering resilient, scalable and future-ready connectivity solutions.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does SGP.32 stand for?

SGP.32 is the GSMA specification for IoT Remote SIM Provisioning, enabling remote management of eSIM profiles throughout a device’s lifecycle.

Is SGP.32 only for eSIMs?

Yes. SGP.32 has been developed specifically for devices that support eSIM technology and remote profile management.

Can SGP.32 support multiple mobile operators?

Yes. Devices can securely download and switch between operator profiles as required, depending on the capabilities of the deployment.

Is SGP.32 replacing SGP.22?

No. SGP.22 remains the standard for consumer devices, while SGP.32 has been developed specifically to address the needs of enterprise and industrial IoT.

As IoT deployments continue to expand, businesses need more than just reliable connectivity. They need control.

A connected device deployed in the field may need to change network providers, download a local connectivity profile, meet new regulatory requirements or switch to a backup network. Managing these changes manually is not practical when dealing with thousands or millions of devices.

This is where the eIM (eSIM IoT Remote Manager) becomes a critical part of the eSIM ecosystem.

The eIM provides the management layer that allows organisations to control IoT eSIM profiles remotely, helping businesses maintain flexibility and control over their connectivity strategy throughout the lifetime of their devices.

What is an eIM?

An eIM (eSIM IoT Remote Manager) is a platform used to remotely manage IoT eSIM profiles.

It acts as the control system that communicates with eSIM-enabled devices and instructs them when connectivity changes are required.

The eIM can manage tasks such as:

• Downloading new network profiles.
• Activating or deactivating profiles.
• Switching between connectivity providers.
• Managing device connectivity requirements.
• Monitoring profile status.

In simple terms, the eIM is the system that tells the eSIM what to do.

For large-scale IoT deployments, this provides the automation and control required to manage connectivity efficiently.

How does an eIM work?

The eIM sits between the organisation managing the devices and the eSIM ecosystem.

A typical process works like this:

• A business decides that a device requires a connectivity change.
• The eIM sends an instruction to the device.
• The device receives the request through its IoT Profile Assistant (IPAe).
• The IPAe communicates with the relevant provisioning systems.
• A new profile is downloaded from the SM-DP+.
• The eSIM activates the new profile.

The entire process happens remotely without physically accessing the device.

The relationship between eIM, IPAe and SM-DP+

To understand the role of eIM, it is important to understand how the main components work together.

eIM – The decision maker

The eIM manages the instructions.

It determines:

• Which profile should be installed.
• When a profile change should happen.
• Which device should receive the update.

It provides the management intelligence behind the process.

IPAe – The communication layer

The IoT Profile Assistant (IPAe) is the software component that communicates with the device and the eSIM environment.

The IPAe regularly checks whether there are actions waiting.

For example:

• Has a new profile been assigned?
• Does the device need to change network?
• Is an existing profile being replaced?

The IPAe then helps complete the required action.

SM-DP+ – The profile provider

The Subscription Manager Data Preparation Plus (SM-DP+) prepares and securely stores network profiles. When the eIM instructs a device to download a new profile, the SM-DP+ provides the required credentials. Together, these three components enable secure remote connectivity management.

Why does eIM matter for enterprise IoT?

For businesses managing connected devices, the eIM provides several important advantages.

Greater control over connectivity

One of the biggest benefits of eIM is that businesses can maintain control over their connectivity strategy. Instead of being permanently tied to one network provider, organisations can manage profiles based on their operational requirements.

For example:

A logistics company operating across Europe may initially deploy devices using a global connectivity profile.

Later, certain countries may require local network identities. Using an eIM, the business can move those devices onto suitable local profiles without replacing hardware.

Reduced vendor lock-in

Historically, changing connectivity providers could be complicated.

It might involve:

• Replacing SIM cards.
• Reconfiguring devices.
• Sending engineers to site.
• Managing significant downtime.

An eIM-enabled solution provides greater freedom because connectivity profiles can be changed remotely. This gives businesses more flexibility when selecting connectivity partners.

Support for multi-network strategies

Many IoT deployments require access to multiple networks.

Reasons include:

• Improving coverage.
• Reducing reliance on one operator.
• Supporting international deployments.
• Providing backup connectivity.

An eIM allows organisations to manage different profiles across different network providers depending on the network agreements you have with your provider. This is particularly valuable for mission-critical applications.

Is an eIM the same as a SIM management platform?

They perform similar functions, but they are not exactly the same.

A traditional SIM management platform may control billing, usage monitoring and connectivity settings.

An eIM has all of the same functionality of a traditional sim management platform but with added importance as specifically focuses on managing eSIM profile lifecycle operations.

It controls actions such as:

• Profile selection.
• Profile switching.
• Profile activation.
• Remote provisioning.

Why IoT providers need to understand eIM

For connectivity providers, resellers and MVNOs, eIM represents a major opportunity.

It enables businesses to offer customers:

• More flexible connectivity options.
• Global deployment support.
• Multi-network solutions.
• Easier provider migration.
• Improved lifecycle management.

As customers become more sophisticated, they increasingly want ownership and visibility over their connectivity infrastructure.

The ability to manage eSIM profiles effectively will become an important differentiator.

The future of eIM in IoT connectivity

As the adoption of eSIM technology accelerates, the role of the eIM will become increasingly important. IoT connectivity is moving away from static SIM subscriptions towards dynamic, software-managed connectivity.

The eIM provides the control layer needed to make this possible.

For businesses looking to deploying connected devices at scalecontact us below and we an expert will be with you soon!

The future of IoT will is not simply just about connecting devices, it will be about intelligently managing those connections.

Frequently Asked Questions

What does eIM stand for?

eIM stands for eSIM IoT Remote Manager. It is the platform responsible for managing IoT eSIM profile operations remotely.

Is eIM part of SGP.32?

Yes. eIM is a key component introduced within the SGP.32 IoT Remote SIM Provisioning architecture.

Can an eIM change a device’s network provider?

Yes. An eIM can manage profile changes that allow an IoT device to move between supported network profiles.

Why is eIM important for IoT?

eIM enables organisations to manage large numbers of connected devices remotely, reducing complexity and improving connectivity flexibility.

As technology in the IoT world advances. Enterprises are moving away from physical SIM cards toward programmable, software-defined connectivity. Two key standards driving this transformation are SGP.22 and SGP.32.

While both are part of the GSMA eSIM ecosystem, they serve different purposes and are designed for different types of connected devices and use cases. Understanding the difference is essential for businesses building scalable IoT and global connectivity strategies.

For companies like Anvil Mobile, choosing the right standard directly impacts scalability, cost efficiency, and global reliability.

What Is SGP.22?

SGP.22 is a GSMA specification that defines remote SIM provisioning (RSP) for consumer and general IoT devices. It enables devices to download and manage mobile network profiles over the air without needing a physical SIM swap.

In simple terms, SGP.22 allows a device to:

• Download a carrier profile remotely
• Store multiple operator profiles securely
• Switch networks without changing physical SIM cards
• Activate connectivity over-the-air

It is widely used in consumer devices like smartphones, wearables, and some IoT applications where connectivity requirements are relatively stable and less complex.

What Is SGP.32?

SGP.32 is a newer GSMA standard designed specifically for mass-scale IoT deployments. Unlike earlier standards, it focuses on automation, resilience, and intelligent connectivity management.

SGP.32 enables IoT devices to:

• Store multiple network profiles simultaneously
• Automatically switch networks based on connectivity conditions
• Support large-scale fleet management
• Enable intelligent fallback connectivity
• Operate across highly dynamic global environments

It is purpose-built for industries like logistics, transportation, energy, and industrial IoT, where devices must remain connected across borders and unpredictable network conditions.

SGP.22 vs SGP.32: Key Differences

Although both standards support eSIM-based remote provisioning, their design goals are fundamentally different.

1. Target Use Case

SGP.22 is optimised for consumer and general-purpose devices, while SGP.32 is designed specifically for large-scale IoT ecosystems such as global logistics fleets and industrial sensors.

2. Connectivity Intelligence

SGP.22 supports remote profile management, but decision-making is largely external. SGP.32 introduces embedded intelligence for automatic network selection and fallback behaviour.

3. Scalability

SGP.22 works well for moderate deployments, but SGP.32 is built for managing millions of devices across multiple regions and carriers.

4. Network Resilience

SGP.32 provides built-in fallback mechanisms that automatically restore connectivity, while SGP.22 relies more on manual or external orchestration.

5. Operational Complexity

SGP.22 reduces SIM dependency, but SGP.32 goes further by eliminating most manual connectivity management entirely.

Why SGP.32 Is Better for Modern IoT Deployments

Modern IoT deployments require connectivity that is as dynamic and scalable as the hardware itself. GSMA SGP.32 meets this standard by introducing autonomous, over-the-air profile management tailored for enterprise fleets. By equipping devices with intelligent fallback connectivity, SGP.32 ensures continuous operation, enabling hardware to automatically pivot to secondary networks the moment primary coverage degrades.

Beyond network reliability, SGP.32 streamlines global supply chain logistics and drastically reduces total cost of ownership. Enterprise organisations can manufacture and ship a single SKU globally, activating local carrier profiles dynamically without manual configuration or field maintenance. This shift eliminates expensive truck rolls, reduces operational overhead at scale, and maintains unbroken data streams across international fleets.

The Role of SGP.22 in the Ecosystem

Despite being older, SGP.22 still plays an important role in the connectivity landscape. It remains widely used in:

• Consumer devices such as smartphones and wearables
• Small-to-medium IoT deployments
• Applications with stable connectivity environments

However, as deployments grow more complex and global, many enterprises are transitioning toward SGP.32-based architectures.

How Anvil Mobile Supports Next-Generation IoT Connectivity

For Anvil Mobile, both SGP.22 and SGP.32 are key building blocks in delivering scalable global connectivity solutions.

Anvil Mobile enables enterprises to:

• Deploy eSIM-enabled IoT devices globally
• Manage multi-network connectivity through centralised platforms
• Improve resilience with intelligent fallback strategies
• Optimise carrier selection across regions
• Scale IoT deployments without physical SIM constraints

By using these standards, businesses can move toward fully automated, software-defined connectivity models.

SGP.22 and SGP.32 represent two stages in the evolution of eSIM technology.

SGP.22 simplifies connectivity by removing the need for physical SIM changes, making it ideal for consumer and general IoT applications. SGP.32, however, goes further by introducing intelligence, automation, and large-scale resilience designed for modern global IoT ecosystems.

For more info to how you can use these technologies to build reliable, scalable, and globally connected IoT infrastructures contact us below.

What is Network Slicing?

Network slicing can allow businesses or organisations to effectively have their own virtual 5G network . In a 5G network, network slicing enables the creation of virtual networks that are tailored to specific use cases, each with its own distinct characteristics. These slices can be allocated for various purposes, and an enterprise can effectively use one of these slices as their own private 5G network.

This virtual network can be customised to meet the specific needs of a business, such as:

• Dedicated bandwidth for high-speed data.
• Low latency for applications like autonomous vehicles or industrial automation.
• Enhanced security for sensitive data and critical communications.
• Network isolation to ensure performance is not affected by other traffic on the same physical network.

How Does Network Slicing Work?

Network slicing relies on a combination of software and hardware working together. It uses two main technologies: Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV).

Instead of needing different physical hardware for every type of network, we use software to “tell” the hardware how to behave for each specific user.

• The Physical Layer: This is the actual hardware, such as the 5G masts and fibre optic cables.
• The Virtual Layer: Software partitions the physical resources into logical slices.
• The Service Layer: Each slice is assigned to a specific application, like a fleet of autonomous drones or a city wide smart lighting system.

Because each slice is isolated, if one slice faces a security threat or a massive spike in data usage, the other slices remain completely unaffected.

Benefits of a Private 5G Network via Network Slicing

Customisation: You can tailor the slice to your exact requirements (e.g., latency, reliability, bandwidth), creating a bespoke network that fits your business needs.

Security: Since your slice is isolated from others, the risk of interference or security breaches from other users on the network is minimised. Sensitive data or critical applications can operate in a secure environment.

Control: With network slicing, you have greater control over the performance and quality of service within your slice. This is ideal for businesses with specific requirements, such as industrial IoT systems or smart factories.

Cost Efficiency: By only paying for the resources you need (e.g., bandwidth, low-latency connections), you can avoid the cost of overprovisioning a traditional private network.

Scalability: As your business grows, network slicing allows you to scale your virtual network by adjusting the slice’s resources without needing a complete overhaul of the physical network inf

Why is Network Slicing Vital for IoT?

The “Internet of Things” is incredibly diverse. Not every device needs the same type of connection. Network slicing allows businesses to match the connection to the device’s actual needs.

Low Power IoT

Devices like smart water meters or agricultural sensors only send tiny amounts of data occasionally. They need a network slice that prioritises long battery life and wide coverage over high speed.

Mission Critical IoT

Applications such as remote surgery, autonomous vehicles, or industrial robotics cannot afford even a millisecond of delay. They require a dedicated “Ultra Low Latency” slice that guarantees an almost instant response time.

High Bandwidth IoT

Security cameras streaming 4K video or augmented reality tools used in construction require massive amounts of data. They get their own high-capacity slice that ensures the video feed never buffers.

The Key Benefits for Your Business

• Guaranteed Performance: You no longer have to worry about “peak hour” slowdowns. Your critical data has its own dedicated lane.
• Enhanced Security: Because slices are isolated, sensitive data (like financial or healthcare records) can be kept on a highly encrypted, private slice away from general public traffic.
• Flexibility and Scale: As your business grows, Anvil can help you provision new slices or adjust existing ones via software, without needing to wait for new physical infrastructure to be built.

Is your network ready for the next generation of IoT? At Anvil, we help businesses work through 5G and network slicing to build more resilient connections.